Promoting clean water in nineteenth-century public policy: professors, preachers, and polliwogs in Kingston, Ontario.

Vaccination policy of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, 1801 to 1863.

In The modem rise ofpopulation (1976), Thomas McKeown questioned the efficacy of medical intervention and public health measures in reducing mortality. Instead, he attributed the nineteenth-century decline in mortality from infectious disease mainly to improved nutrition and a rising standard of living, both of which increased general immunity to disease. He acknowledged that public health meas...

Achieving Universal Health Coverage by Focusing on Primary Care in Japan: Lessons for Low- and Middle-Income Countries

When the Japanese government adopted Western medicine in the late nineteenth century, it left intact the infrastructure of primary care by giving licenses to the existing practitioners and by initially setting the hurdle for entry into medical school low. Public financing of hospitals was kept minimal so that almost all of their revenue came from patient charges. When social health insurance (S...

Putting the public back into public health.

This paper discusses the question of ‘good governance’ in relation to the current debates about global development and health. It explores the challenge of health governance in the face of interconnected complex developmental transitions. Global health is said to be undergoing its third ‘great transition’, the first two transitions being the clean water and sanitation transition in the nineteen...

The Role of the German Researchers in the Formation of Islamic Art Studies

In the beginning of the nineteenth century, with the increasing interest of the Europeans in the culture of the East, the first articles on the Islamic art and culture were appeared in German-speaking countries. In the mid nineteenth century, some entries in German encyclopedias were devoted to Islamic art, and from the end of the century, the first monographs on Islamic architecture and orname...

Representative Democracy: Public Policy and Midwestern Legislatures in the Late Nineteenth Century